Computing chemical potentials of solutions from structure factors

The chemical potential of a component in a solution is defined as the free energy change as the amount of that component changes. Computing this fundamental thermodynamic property from atomistic simulations is notoriously difficult because of the convergence issues involved in free energy methods and finite size effects. This Communication presents the so-called S0 method, which can be used to obtain chemical potentials from static structure factors computed from equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations under the isothermal-isobaric ensemble. This new method is demonstrated on the systems of binary Lennard-Jones particles, urea-water mixtures, a NaCl aqueous solution, and a high-pressure carbon-hydrogen mixture.