Short-term responses of soil nutrients, heavy metals and microbial community to partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with spent mushroom substrates (SMS)

Currently, many spent mushroom substrates (SMS) are produced each year, which have the great potential to replace partial chemical fertilizer in agricultural production due to the high content of organic matter in SMS. However, how the replacement of chemical fertilizer by different SMS affected soil nutrients and contamination was less reported. Therefore, this study applied Enoki mushroom substrates (EMR), Agaricus bisporus substrates (ABR), or Auricularia auricula substrates (AAR) to replace 25 % chemical fertilizers (based on N fertilizer) with understanding the role of SMS replacement in affecting soil nutrients, heavy metals, and microbial community via the short-term field study, respectively. Compared to chemical fertilizer (CF), the contents of organic matter (OM), total P (TP), and K (TK) in SMS replaced soils were significantly increased by 1.96–4.22, 0.08–0.12, and 0.03–0.53 g kg−1, respectively. Among three SMS replacements, AAR demonstrated the highest increment of soil nutrients. On the other hand, EMR and ABR replacements reduced the contents of total and acid-soluble Cd, Pb, and As by 7.94–30.32 % and 0–31.61 % in soils relative to CF, respectively. Unlike EMR and ABR, AAR reduced 11.08–16.04 % of total Cd, Pb, and As but increased 62.58 % acid-soluble As in soils. Furthermore, it was found that all SMS replacements increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, while ABR also increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in soils compared to CF. Besides, EMR and ABR replacements increased the relative abundance of Mortierellomycota relative to CF. Finally, it can be known that partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by SMS could elevate soil nutrients (especially AAR) and reduce heavy metals (especially EMR), which further improved microbial diversity and community composition. This study provides information on applying SMS to replace partial chemical fertilizer to elevate nutrients and reduce heavy metals contamination.