Atractyloside-A ameliorates spleen deficiency diarrhea by interfering with TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling activation and regulating intestinal flora homeostasis

Spleen deficiency diarrhea (SDD) is one of the most common types of diarrhea and is linked to intestinal barrier dysfunction and intestinal flora disorders. Atractyloside-A (AA) is one of the main components of Atractylodes Lancea(Thunb.) DC., which acts on the gastrointestinal tract and has therapeutic effects on diarrhea. Folium sennae is a medicinal plant inducing diarrhea; thus, it is one of the effective methods to obtain a diarrhea model. However, the mechanism of action of AA in the treatment of SDD induced by Folium sennae is unclear.The intestinal thrapeutic effect of AA on SDD in mice was evaluated by colon pathology. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to analyze the colonic transcriptome profiles. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were carried out to verify the role of AA in the regulation of the intestinal flora.The findings revealed that AA alleviated SDD by ameliorating the pathological symptoms while suppressing intestinal inflammatory responses through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB signaling and reversing the impairment of mucin synthesis. Furthermore, AA improved the integrity of the intestinal barrier. RNA-seq identified 436 common DEGs out of 1033 DEGs between SDD and AA, and 1933 DEGs between SDD and Ctrl, which are highly enriched in the NF-κB and TNF pathways. Moreover, AA altered the composition of the intestinal flora and FMT reduced SDD.AA exerted a therapeutic effect on SDD through the regulation of the intestinal flora and the inflammation by interfering with the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.