Black phosphorus quantum dot-modified ADSCs as a novel therapeutic for periodontitis bone loss coupling of osteogenesis and osteoimmunomodulation

Alveolar bone defect repair remains a persistent clinical challenge for periodontitis treatment. The use of peripheral functional seed cells is a hot topic in periodontitis. Herein, we explored the cellular behaviors and osteogenic ability of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) treated with black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs). Additionally, macrophage polarization, osteogenic effects and angiogenesis were investigated through the paracrine pathway regulated by BPQD-modified ADSCs. Our results demonstrated that BPQDs showed good biocompatibility with ADSCs and BPQD-modified ADSCs could improve the bone repair in vivo inflammatory microenvironment by regulating osteogenesis and osteoimmunomodulation. The BPQDs increased the osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs via the Wnt/β-catenin and BMP2/SMAD5/Runx2 signaling pathway. In addition, BPQD-modified ADSCs promoted the osteogenic effect of BMSCs and facilitated the polarization of macrophages from M1 towards M2 phenotype transformation through the paracrine pathway in the periodontitis microenvironment. This strategy provides a novel idea for treatment of alveolar bone defects for periodontitis in the foreseeable future.