Nature Herbal Medicine‐ Tissue Engineering Strategies for Regulate Cell Homeostasis in Bone Regeneration

Abstract Bone fractures, especially large and complex defects, continue to pose significant challenges in the medical field. Current treatments often rely on autografts or allografts for structural support, which can lead to problems such as reduced bioactivity, infection risks, and potential pathogen transmission. Nature herbal medicine (NHM), including herbs and herbal extracts, offers a promising alternative by effectively modulating inflammatory responses, enhancing osteoblast function, and inhibiting bone resorption, thereby facilitating fracture repair. However, traditional drug delivery methods for NHM encounter challenges such as potential drug interactions, poor tissue distribution, and reduced patient compliance. Biomaterials, engineered to interact with biological systems, play essential roles in tissue repair, mechanical support, and drug delivery. When used as drug carriers, biomaterials can be combined with NHM to form stable drug delivery systems that further promote bone regeneration. Here the applications of biomaterials are reviewed, such as hydrogels, extracellular vesicles, and bone cement, in conjunction with NHM for regulating bone homeostasis and fracture repair, aiming to provide valuable insights and guidance for future research and therapeutic strategies.