Multi-objective optimization of electric vehicle charging considering market coupling in north-western Europe

With the rise in electric vehicle (EV) adoption, optimizing charging profiles is crucial for technical, economic, and environmental support, but existing studies often neglect several technical constraints in achieving this. This paper introduces a novel method to evaluate the trade-off between cost and emission reduction through smart EV charging across various scenarios. The proposed multi-objective optimization model incorporates technical limitations and user preferences, considering minimum charging current and state-of-charge limits. Additionally, a model for constructing marginal emission factors based on electricity market coupling is developed. Using detailed EV charging data, it assesses long-term optimization effectiveness over three distinct scenarios. Results show the base model achieves up to 24% cost and 30% emission reductions in unidirectional, and up to 112% and 165% in bidirectional charging. The second and third models achieve smaller cost and emission reductions when considering minimum charging currents and minimum state-of-charge user preferences requirements.