A review of structural health monitoring for fixed offshore wind turbines driven by multisource heterogeneous data

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is currently the core tool for ensuring the safe operation and maintenance of fixed offshore wind turbines (OWTs). Due to the complexity of the offshore environment, the safety risks associated with fixed OWT support structures are significantly higher than those of onshore wind power structures. SHM can diagnose structural damage (such as cracks, corrosion, and deformation) early and evaluate integrity. However, SHM involves multisource heterogeneous monitoring data such as images, vibrations, strains, and acoustic emissions. There are significant differences in damage identification capabilities and technical implementation methods among different data types. Therefore, this article reviews SHM methods for OWT support structures under multisource heterogeneous data and analyzes the marine environment load and seabed foundation monitoring methods. Meantime, SHM performance enhancement technology with future trends is discussed. This article can provide references for advancing damage detection and health assessment of OWT support structure, promoting the development of this field toward intelligence, precision, and integration.