<i>Codonopsis Radix</i> Inhibits the Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Mice through Regulation of the Nrf2/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a nonspecific chronic inflammatory lung disease with no known cure. <i>Codonopsis Radix</i> (CR) has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of different CR varieties on COPD mice. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Sixty male-specified pathogen-free grade C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 6 groups, 10 mice in each group. The COPD mice model was induced by cigarette smoke extract combined with lipopolysaccharide, and the mice in each group were given corresponding drugs. Lung function was assessed in all mice. Lung tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson, and periodic acid-Schiff stains, and serum levels of interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected using an ELISA. Further, serum and lung tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected by colorimetric assay. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to predict signaling pathways, which were validated by Western blot analysis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Compared with the COPD group, the mice in each dosing group of CR exhibited significant reductions in serum IL-8 and TNF-α levels, serum and lung tissue MDA levels, and pathological lung tissue damage, alongside elevations in lung function and SOD levels (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Western blot analysis also indicated significant downregulation of p-p65/p65 and p-IκB-α/IκB-α protein expression, alongside significant upregulation of Nrf2 protein expression in the lung tissues of mice treated with CR (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In summary, CR effectively enhances lung function, minimizes lung tissue damage, and inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress in mice with COPD. Additionally, these findings suggest that inhibition of the Nrf2/NF-κB axis may be a key mechanism of action of CR in the alleviation of COPD.