of Kidney Disease in the Cardiac Patient

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly prevalent in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), and the 2 disease processes are closely interlinked by both etiology and pathophysiology. Cardiac patients with CKD may present atypically and have a considerably worse prognosis in all manifestations of CVD, as such, they warrant particularly vigilant specialist treatment. There is considerable evidence to support the use of most established cardiac interventions in patients with CKD, although many trials excluded patients with severe CKD and end-stage renal failure. Close monitoring of CKD patients is necessary during the treatment of cardiovascular disease to ensure safety and tolerability.