Sulfated polysaccharides from sea cucumber mitigate acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice via citraconic acid-mediated inhibition of oxidative stress

Sea cucumber sulfated polysaccharides alleviate acetaminophen - induced liver injury by modulating gut microbiota to elevate citraconic acid, which activates hepatic Nrf2 to reduce oxidative stress, as validated in vivo and in t-BHP-treated cells.