Charging optimization of battery electric vehicles including cycle battery aging

Controlled charging of battery electric vehicles is one instrument of smart grids in order to intelligently use the electricity load generated by electric vehicles (EVs). However, battery constraints as well as effects of the charging processes on the battery should not be neglected. This work elaborates an EV charging model, which optimizes the charging process while considering cycle battery aging effects. Formulated as a quadratic constraint program, it minimizes total charging cost, consisting of charging electricity cost and battery aging cost. Cycle battery aging tests are conducted and used to analyze and model the battery aging behavior. The optimization model is applied to a sample of EVs in Singapore and four different scenarios are evaluated. The resulting battery aging cost accounts for a substantial share of the total charging cost, i.e., between 52% and 93%. Therefore, an inclusion of battery aging into the intelligent controlling of EV charging is crucial.