Smallholder rice farming practices across livelihood strategies: A case study of the Poyang Lake Plain, China

In the past four decades, the livelihood strategies of Chinese smallholder farmers have become increasingly diversified and individualized, and consequently, their rice growing practices have diverged. However, few studies have identified how rice growing practices change with livelihood strategies. To address this challenge, this study employs an integrated smallholder livelihood strategy framework and uses crosssectional data in 2018 covering 250 smallholder farmers who belonging to 90 households in 10 villages in the Poyang Lake Plain, southern China. The results show that livelihood strategies were grouped into five categories based on the allocation of labor input, and the factors that differentiate the farmers adopting rice farming-dominated livelihoods from other farmers include age, sex, education level, health, annual income, the number of appliances and land area. Farmers who relied heavily on rice growing for their livelihoods grew larger area of rice paddy, invested more per unit area, applied more types of agrochemicals and obtained higher unit yields than those farmers spending most of their time on off-farm enterprises. However, the income of the former was much lower than that of the latter due to the low return of rice farming. There is no significant difference in the application weight of agrochemicals across livelihood strategies, which implies that farmers who do not heavily depend on rice growing excessively apply agrochemicals that cannot effectively increase rice yields. Based on these findings, we suggest that the government should implement measures to substantially increase the return of rice growing and educate rice farmers so they will adopt more environmentally friendly practices for applying agrochemicals. • Livelihood strategies of smallholder farmers were grouped into five categories. • The determinants of smallholder farmers' livelihood strategies were examined. • Smallholder rice farming practices across livelihood strategies were compared.