Natural human-robot interaction using social cues

This paper investigates the problem of how humans understand and control human-robot collaborative action and how to build natural interactions during human-robot collaborative action. We use a `pick and place' experiment to study collaborative activities between a human and a robot. The results show that even if human participants had a good understanding of the maximum reachability of the robot, they consistently take a surprisingly long time to help and assist the robot when a target object is out of its reach. We implemented a number of social cues in the experiment, analysed their effects in order to identify the role they could play to improve the fluency of human-robot collaboration. The experimental results showed that when the robot uses head movements, two hands or a gesture to indicate non-reachability, people react in a more natural way to assist the robot.