Advanced sample preparation techniques for rapid surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy analysis of complex samples

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful and promising analytical technique for fast, non-destructive, and sensitive analysis of trace analytes. However, the serious matrix interference effect of complex sample is a bottleneck that limited rapid SERS analysis. Therefore, it is essential to introduce proper sample preparation techniques to address the limitation for advancing SERS analysis. With adaptable sample preparation techniques, target substances could be separated and purified from complex matrices, matrix interference effect could be eliminated/reduced, and finally pure SERS spectra could be obtained. However, the process of traditional sample preparation usually requires the tedious and time-consuming operation, large solvent consumption, high labor intensity, as well as low efficiency. Given that SERS is an ultrafast analytical technique, there is a great desire to develop advanced/modern sample preparation techniques for fast and efficient analysis of complex samples. To attract much attention and raise research enthusiasm on the beginning, recent development on advanced sample preparation techniques for rapid SERS analysis of complex sample was reviewed. (1) 'All-in-one' strategy for simultaneous separation, enrichment, and in-situ SERS detection. (2) Integrated strategy for high-speed pretreatment and high throughput analysis. (3) Derivatization strategy switches on the SERS activity of molecules with weak responses. (4) Field-assisted strategy for preconcentration acceleration. (5) Instrument combination strategy for online processing and real-time SERS analysis. Finally, conclusions and perspectives on future development were briefly discussed.