Freestanding interlayers for Li–S batteries: design and synthesis of hierarchically porous N-doped C nanofibers comprising vanadium nitride quantum dots and MOF-derived hollow N-doped C nanocages

Herein, a hierarchically developed multifunctional, porous, and freestanding interlayer is utilized for efficient polysulfide absorption and superior electrochemical performance in lithium–sulfur cells with sulfur cathode and low electrolyte volume.