Production, Isolation, and Characterization of Bioengineered Bacterial Extracellular Membrane Vesicles Derived from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Their Use in Vaccine Development

Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) possess features that make them well suited for the delivery of therapeutics and vaccines. This chapter describes methods for engineering the commensal human intestinal bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt) to produce BEVs carrying vaccine antigens and accompanying methods for isolating and purifying BEVs for mucosal vaccination regimens.