Transcending Darwinism thinking laterally on the tree of life.

The scope and significance of lateral gene transfer (LGT) has been discussed periodically since the early twentieth century. In sketching this history here we see that the pendulum of opinion has swung from one extreme that LGT is a rare phenomenon to the other that it is fundamental to evolution. That phages are sources of bacterial evolutionary innovation has been discussed since the 1920s in association with evidence that symbiosis is a major source of evolutionary innovation. Concepts of infectious heredity re-emerged with the rise of bacterial genetics after the Second World War, but LGT was generally discounted as a significant evolutionary force. LGT received increased attention in the 1960s and 1970s because of its role in antibiotic resistance outbreaks. Some speculated that the new molecular approaches to bacterial phylogenetics were ill-conceived because of LGT. With the rise of genomics in the 1990s, it became clear to phylogeneticists that LGT is the principal mode of generating evolutionary novelty in the prokaryotic world. All microbiologists agree today that the Darwinian concept of a bifurcating tree is an inadequate, if not misleading, representation of the evolutionary process in the microbial world. Phages are also reconceived not only as agents of bacterial gene exchange, but also as organisms in their own right, and fundamental in the evolution of new genes.