Millimeter-Sized Hole Damming

Valves used to control liquid filling and draining processes from storage typically need to be actuated. Here, we show that similar flow enabling and restricting operations can be achieved through millimeter scale holes that function according to the amount of hydrostatic pressure applied without any other intervention. This phenomena is exhibited using receptacles where the base is made of either a hydrophilic or superhydrophobic substrate with hole sizes ranging from 1.0-2.0 mm. The construction is such that the drainage flow velocities are of the same order in both substrates and follow Torricelli's law trends. Nevertheless, the primary mechanisms responsible for resisting the onset of flow in each substrate are different; nonbreaching of the advancing contact angle threshold in the former, and stable maintenance of an elastic-like deformation of the liquid-gas interface that is connected to the surrounding plastron in the latter. These differences are demonstrated using an upward jet of water delivered to the orifice, where a discharging flow from the hydrophilic base occurred before the threshold hydrostatic pressure condition was attained, while liquid from the jet is subsumed into the liquid body of the receptacle with the superhydrophobic base without any leakage. These findings portend advantages in simplicity and robustness for a myriad of liquid-related processes.