Dual-manipulation on wave-front based on reconfigurable water-based metasurface integrated with PIN diodes

In this paper, we propose a dual manipulation on wave-front in the X band based on a reconfigurable water-based metasurface. We design and test a metasurface integrated with a saline-water substrate and PIN diodes. We showed that the wave-front reflected by the metasurface can be modulated by both the degree of salinity and the diode pattern. With these two manipulating methods, the metasurface can not only control the amplitude of the scattered beams but also the beam deflection angles, which promises a more flexible and economical way to manipulate the wave-front. We provide two diode patterns to illustrate the performance. The experimental results agree well with our simulations, further verifying our designs. Superior than the conventional reconfigurable metasurfaces, the proposed metasurface combines both water salinity and diodes, which offers more possibilities in electromagnetic (EM) wave tailoring, as well as potential applications in sensing and detection.