The Harris hawks optimization algorithm, salp swarm algorithm, grasshopper optimization algorithm and dragonfly algorithm for structural design optimization of vehicle components

Abstract There is a growing interest in designing lightweight and low-cost vehicles. In this research, the Harris hawks optimization algorithm (the HHO), the salp swarm algorithm (SSA), the grasshopper optimization algorithm(GOA), and the dragonfly algorithm (DA) are introduced to solve shape optimization problems in the automotive industry. This research is the first application of the HHO, the SSA, the GOA, and the DA to shape design optimization problems in the literature. In this paper, the HHO, the SSA, and the DA algorithms are used for shape optimization of a vehicle brake pedal to prove how the HHO, the SSA, the GOA, and the DA can be used for solving shape optimization problems. The results show the ability of the HHO, the SSA, the GOA, and the DA to design better optimal components.