New insights into carbonaceous materials and lead/carbon composites in lead carbon battery

With the rise of hybridization and electrification of the automotive, it is now more important than ever to assist the integration of the Lead Acid Batteries (LABs) into the new operating requirements. Dynamic Charge Acceptance (DCA) and High-Rate Partial State of Charge (HRPSC) are two major challenges for LAB. Our motivation stems from the fact that this support is not new to the LAB; it has always grown to meet the demands of the automotive industry, as seen by the various innovations that this battery has through. The carbonaceous products in LAB have also given birth to other technologies of lead carbon batteries (LCB), first through the incorporation of carbonaceous products in the active material, where all the carbon allotropes have been the seat of several studies. They've been used as a second active material or as active material to substitute the spongy lead in the negative plate, and as a current collector (grid) on which the active material is deposited. This quest for better performances, has not been without some drawbacks among which, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and non-coherence between carbon and lead have been the major defects, consequently the research was oriented towards lead/carbon composites (Pb/C).