Biomaterials based on hyaluronic acid, collagen and peptides for three-dimensional cell culture and their application in stem cell differentiation

In recent decades, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture technologies have been developed rapidly in the field of tissue engineering and regeneration, and have shown unique advantages and great prospects in the differentiation of stem cells. Herein, the article reviews the progress and advantages of 3D cell culture technologies in the field of stem cell differentiation. Firstly, 3D cell culture technologies are divided into two main categories: scaffoldless and scaffolds. Secondly, the effects of hydrogels scaffolds and porous scaffolds on stem cell differentiation in the scaffold category were mainly reviewed. Among them, hydrogels scaffolds are divided into natural hydrogels and synthetic hydrogels. Natural materials include polysaccharides, proteins, and their derivatives, focusing on hyaluronic acid, collagen and polypeptides. Synthetic materials mainly include polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), etc. In addition, since the preparation techniques have a large impact on the properties of porous scaffolds, several techniques for preparing porous scaffolds based on different macromolecular materials are reviewed. Finally, the future prospects and challenges of 3D cell culture in the field of stem cell differentiation are reviewed. This review will provide a useful guideline for the selection of materials and techniques for 3D cell culture in stem cell differentiation.