Recent advances and perspectives of Li–O2 batteries

Aprotic Li-O₂ batteries have emerged as a promising next-generation energy storage technology due to their high theoretical specific energy. However, the sluggish cathode reaction kinetics, undesired parasitic reactions, and severe lithium dendrites result in large overvoltages and poor cycling stability for Li-O₂ batteries. Considerable efforts have been dedicated to designing cathode materials, optimizing electrolytes and stabilizing lithium anodes. Despite these advancements, fundamental understanding for improving performance remains insufficient. Herein, this review discusses recent advancements on cathode catalysts, semiconductor photocathodes, singlet oxygen (¹O₂) quenchers, and electrolytes in Li-O₂ batteries, and provides perspectives on the remaining challenges and future development for Li-O₂ batteries.