Efficacy, Residue Risk, and Soil Ecosystem Safety of Butylidenephthalide for the Control of Peanut Stem Rot

= 0.95). Butylidenephthalide exhibited low earthworm toxicity and stimulated bacterial/actinomycete populations while suppressing fungi in soil. Overall, butylidenephthalide showed a favorable efficacy, no residue risks, and high safety on the soil ecosystem in the control of peanut stem rot.