Small cell lung cancer unveiled: Exploring the untapped resource of circulating tumor cells-derived organoids

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains a challenge in oncology due to its aggressive behavior and dismal prognosis. Despite advances in treatments, novel strategies are urgently needed. Enter liquid biopsy-a game-changer in SCLC management. This revolutionary non-invasive approach allows for the analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), offering insights into tumor behavior and treatment responses. Our review focuses on a groundbreaking frontier: harnessing CTCs to create three-dimensional (3D) organoid models. These models, derived from CTCs that break away from the primary tumor or metastatic locations, hold immense potential for revolutionizing cancer research, especially in SCLC. We explore the essential conditions for successfully establishing CTC-derived organoids-a transformative approach with profound implications for personalized medicine. Our evaluation spans diverse isolation techniques, shedding light on their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, we uncover the critical factors governing the cultivation of 3D organoids from CTCs, meticulously mimicking the tumor microenvironment. This review comprehensively elucidates the molecular characterization of these organoids, showcasing their potential in identifying treatment targets and predicting responses. In essence, our review amalgamates cutting-edge methodologies for isolating CTCs, establishing transformative CTC-derived organoids, and characterizing their molecular landscape. This represents a promising frontier for advancing personalized medicine in the complex realm of SCLC management and holds significant implications for translational research.