Balancing antibacterial activity and toxicity in silver-loaded hydroxyapatite: the impact of the silver nanoparticle incorporation method

= 0.2-0.3. This method likely promoted a uniform dispersion of AgNPs within the Hap matrix, thereby enabling sustained antibacterial action while minimizing cytotoxicity. This optimized formulation offers a promising strategy for developing bioactive coatings and scaffolds with enhanced antimicrobial properties, biocompatibility, and structural stability, making it well-suited for use in orthopedic, dental, and other biomedical implant applications.