Preparation, properties, and application of titanium carbide coatings

Abstract This study aims to investigate the structural, mechanical, and tribological properties of titanium carbide coatings, focusing on the influence of deposition techniques, including chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition, on their phase composition, morphology, and adhesion. The research combines experimental characterization and numerical modeling to analyze grain structure, hardness, adhesion strength, and thermal stability. The findings reveal that coatings obtained through chemical vapor deposition exhibit superior crystallinity with a hardness of 2,500 Vickers hardness and a critical adhesion load exceeding 80 N, alongside a denser microstructure. In contrast, coatings produced by physical vapor deposition present finer grains and improved surface smoothness, making them particularly advantageous for tribological applications. Thermal expansion modeling has been performed to assess the role of deposition techniques in stress development, identifying potential failure points when exposed to high temperatures. Furthermore, the study explores titanium carbide–hydroxyapatite composites, demonstrating their enhanced wear resistance, bioactivity, and nontoxic characteristics, which make them promising candidates for biomedical applications. The results significantly contribute to the optimization of deposition strategies, improving the mechanical performance and extending the range of potential applications of titanium carbide coatings. These applications include cutting tools, aerospace components, high-temperature protective coatings, and medical implants. The insights gained from this research offer valuable guidance for advancing the development of titanium carbide-based materials and enhancing their practical utility in modern engineering and biomedical fields.