Silent Airway Mucus Plugs in COPD and Clinical Implications

Abstract

Background

Airway mucus plugs are frequently identified on computed tomography (CT) scans of patients with COPD with a smoking history without mucus-related symptoms, i.e., cough and phlegm ("silent mucus plugs").

Research Questions

In patients with COPD, what are risk and protective factors associated with silent airway mucus plugs? Are silent mucus plugs associated with functional, structural, and clinical measures of disease?

Study Design and Methods

We identified mucus plugs on chest CT scans of participants with COPD from the COPDGene study. The mucus plug score was defined as the number of pulmonary segments with mucus plugs, ranging from 0 to 18, and categorized into three groups (0, 1-2, and 3+). We determined risk and protective factors for silent mucus plugs and the associations of silent mucus plugs with measures of disease severity using multivariable linear and logistic regression models.

Results

Of 4,363 participants with COPD, 1,739 had no cough or phlegm. Among the 1,739 participants, 627 (36%) had airway mucus plugs identified on CT. Risk factors of silent mucus plugs (compared to symptomatic mucus plugs) were older age (Odds ratio, OR=1.02), female sex (OR=1.40), and Black race (OR=1.93) (all P values < 0.01). Among those without cough or phlegm, silent mucus plugs (vs. absence of mucus plugs) were associated with worse 6-MWD, resting SpO2, FEV1% predicted, greater emphysema, thicker airway walls, and higher odds of severe exacerbation in the past year in adjusted models.

Interpretation

Mucus plugs are common in COPD patients without mucus-related symptoms. Silent mucus plugs are associated with worse functional, structural and clinical measures of disease. CT-identified mucus plugs can complement the evaluation of patients with COPD.