Nomilin as an Anti-Obesity and Anti-Hyperglycemic Agent

Recent scientific findings support the notion that bile acids, which are cholesterol catabolites, are bioactive signaling molecules that function as ligands for the farnesoid X receptor or a G-protein-coupled receptor, TGR5. Through these receptors, bile acids can maintain not only bile acid homeostasis but also lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis. An intriguing finding regarding the role of TGR5 in energy metabolism and glucose homeostasis suggests a potential approach to combat obesity and insulin resistance by targeting this receptor to increase thermogenesis and incretin secretion. In this review, I have summarized the latest findings related to TGR5 agonists, in particular, a citrus limonoid, nomilin, and the roles of these agonists in energy metabolism and glucose homeostasis.