A novel polysulfone–polyvinylpyrrolidone membrane with superior proton-to-vanadium ion selectivity for vanadium redox flow batteries

Outstanding performance in VRFBs: a novel polysulfone–polyvinylpyrrolidone membrane with high ion selectivity, superior stability and low cost is constructed for VRFBs. The VRFB with the PSF–PVP–50 membrane exhibits impressive CE (98%), EE (89%), and excellent stability during the 2000 h continuous charge–discharge cycling test.