A multifunctional core–shell CoFe 2 O 4 @ZIF-67 nanocomposite for simultaneous detection and removal of Pb 2+ in water

, with adsorption kinetics and isotherms following pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models, respectively, confirming a spontaneous and multilayer process. This work provides an effective dual-functional platform, demonstrating the great potential of magnetic MOF composites in advanced water treatment technologies.