Photocatalysis–tribocatalysis synergy in oxygen vacancy-rich Zn 2 SnO 4 : mechanism and enhanced all-day performance

catalyst circumvents the intrinsic light dependence of conventional photocatalysis and achieves a pollutant degradation efficiency of 92% under alternating light conditions, exhibiting outstanding all-weather catalytic performance. This work constructs a multi-energy-driven, illumination-independent catalytic paradigm based on defect-mediated photocatalysis-tribocatalysis synergy.