Hypochlorous acid-promoted loss of metabolic energy in Escherichia coli

Oxidation of Escherichia coli by hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or chloramine (NH2Cl) gives rise to massive hydrolysis of cytosolic nucleotide phosphoanhydride bonds, although no immediate change occurs in either the nucleotide pool size or the concentrations of extracellular end products of AMP catabolism. Titrimetric curves of the extent of hydrolysis coincide with curves for loss of cell viability, e.g., reduction in the adenylate energy charge from 0.8 to 0.1-0.2 accompanies loss of 99% of the bacterial CFU. The oxidative damage caused by HOCl is irreversible within 100 ms of exposure of the organism, although nucleotide phosphate bond hydrolysis requires several minutes to reach completion. Neither HOCl nor NH2Cl reacts directly with nucleotides to hydrolyze phosphoanhydride bonds. Loss of viability is also accompanied by inhibition of induction of beta-galactosidase. The proton motive force, determined from the distribution of 14C-radiolabeled lipophilic ions, declines with incremental addition of HOCl after loss of respiratory function; severalfold more oxidant is required for the dissipation of the proton motive force than for loss of viability. These observations establish a causal link between loss of metabolic energy and cellular death and indicate that the mechanisms of oxidant-induced nucleotide phosphate bond hydrolysis are indirect and that they probably involve damage to the energy-transducing and transport proteins located in the bacterial plasma membrane.