Towards hybrid MOF@COF and COF@MOF platforms for next-generation biocatalysis

encapsulation, covalent binding, and adsorption-based immobilization, emphasizing how hybrid frameworks enhance enzyme protection, substrate diffusion, and cascade catalysis. Key challenges including scalability, enzyme leaching, and synthesis reproducibility are also critically examined. Finally, we outline future opportunities for rational design of hybrid frameworks that enable precise enzyme spatial organization and multi-enzyme systems, paving the way for next-generation, sustainable biocatalytic technologies.