Micro- and Nanoplastics as Emerging Environmental Determinants of Human Health: A Narrative Review

Introduction: Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) constitute a growing environmental burden with potential relevance to human health, raising concerns for both clinical research and public health. Increasing experimental and observational evidence indicates that exposure to these particles may be associated with adverse biological effects across multiple organ systems. Purpose: This review explores the existing evidence linking micro- and nanoplastics to potential healthrelated outcomes. Its aim is to synthesize current knowledge on the relationship between MNP exposure and human health. Material and methods: A literature search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases to identify studies on micro- and nanoplastics and their biological effects. Studies addressing environmental sources, exposure routes, cellular and molecular mechanisms, toxicological effects, and potential human health implications were included.