Advances in Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sensing: A Review of Conventional and New Approaches and Novel Sensing Materials in Harsh and Emerging Industrial Sensing

Sensing technology plays an important role in enabling innovation and efficiency in diverse industries, particularly in harsh and emerging environments where conventional sensing approaches exhibit limitations in meeting the industry’s standards and requirements. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have emerged as efficient sensing devices in various fields due to their unique properties. This article provides a comprehensive review of FBG technological advancements since the exploration phase. The research highlights and discusses the applications of FBG sensors in harsh conditions, such as wide range and rapid perturbations of temperatures, extreme pressures under water or in the downhole region, and long-term radiation exposure. The article also explores the integration of FBG sensors in emerging technologies, including smart monitoring and tactile sensing. In addition, the review examines the role of sensing materials and the Internet of Things (IoT) in enhancing FBG sensing capabilities. By leveraging novel materials, IoT connectivity, and advanced interrogation methods in future development, enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, real-time monitoring, and remote accessibility can be achieved.