Development of an electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of glucose and insulin: Application for accurate classification of diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Accurate and sensitive detection of glucose and insulin concentrations is crucial for the effective management and diagnosis of diabetes. Current techniques for glucose and insulin detection, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and glucose oxidase-based methods, have limitations including complex procedures, high costs, and insufficient selectivity. In this paper, we report the development of a coupled electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of glucose and insulin concentrations, enabling classification of diabetes mellitus. The sensor is based on a modified electrode, NC-A/GCE, which demonstrates high sensitivity and selectivity towards both analytes. We utilize differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and chronoamperometry techniques for quantitative analysis and demonstrate the sensor's potential for accurate diabetes classification through a large dataset of detection data.