Predictive Histopathological Markers for Upstaging to Invasive Carcinoma after a Biopsy Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma in situ of the Breast: A Hypothesis-Generating Systematic Review

No robust histopathological features can be recommended at present to reliably predict the upstaging risk to IBC after a biopsy diagnosis of pure DCIS. We discuss several hypotheses, aiming to explain these contradictory data. Ideally, large-scale multicentre prospective studies should be organized to answer this unmet clinical need.