Advancements in Stretchable and Washable Energy-Storage Devices

Abstract This paper offers a thorough literature review on stretchable and washable energy-storage devices, emphasizing their significance in healthcare and personal applications. We explored studies on carbon-based materials such as carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers for cost-effective solutions, along with fibrous electrical systems commonly utilized in creating batteries, supercapacitors, and triboelectric nanogenerators. Addressing challenges, the study provides practical recommendations for advancing research, focusing on enhancing energy and power density while maintaining mechanical robustness and comfort. The material choice, fabrication techniques, and mechanical properties for suitability in wearable technology are also discussed. In particular, the paper investigated several key items including omniphobic silk-based coils, advancements in lithium-ion batteries, and novel electrode designs that contribute to flexible and durable energy-storage solutions, printing methods such as core-shell fibrous structures, as well as encapsulation techniques. Additionally, we present a well-organized categorization of how washable and stretchable energy storage devices are fabricated, discussing their benefits, shortcomings, and standardized testing procedures. We highlight existing gaps in each technology and areas ripe for exploration. This work also includes valuable guidance and strategies for those entering the field of stretchable and washable batteries. Overall, we showcase recent advancements in the field, illustrating diverse possibilities for future power and energy devices while emphasizing the need for improved biocompatibility in various applications.