Distinct roles of plant and microbial communities in ecosystem multifunctionality during grassland degradation and restoration

• Plant diversity and perennial forbs drive ecosystem multifunctionality loss during grassland degradation. • Soil bacterial diversity and dominant taxa drive ecosystem multifunctionality recovery during grassland restoration. • Functional redundancy and resilience of dominant bacteria drive multifunctionality recovery across climate conditions. Understanding the mechanisms of grassland degradation and restoration is critically important for maintaining the health of grasslands, which occupy one-third of the planet’s land surface. Extensive research has focused on the impacts of plant communities on ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) during grassland degradation and restoration, but soil microbial communities have been left out. This project investigated the roles of plant and soil microbial communities in regulating EMF across five grassland ecosystems spanning a 3,500 km transect. We quantified EMF based on eight ecosystem functions and assessed its dynamics during seven phases: natural grassland, moderate degradation, heavy degradation, severe degradation, short-term fencing, medium-term fencing, and long-term fencing. Our results showed that during grassland degradation, bacterial diversity declined more slowly than fungal and plant diversity, and EMF decline was primarily driven by reductions in plant diversity and the abundance of perennial forbs. During grassland restoration, the bacterial community recovered much faster than the plant and fungal communities, emerging as the primary driver of EMF recovery. Structural equation modeling identified plant and microbial communities as the most important predictors of EMF, even after accounting for climate and soil properties. Soil bacterial diversity and the relative abundance of dominant bacterial taxa (e.g., Actinobacteria , Proteobacteria , and Verrucomicrobia ) were key determinants of EMF recovery. Functional redundancy and resilience of these dominant bacterial taxa enabled consistent EMF recovery across diverse climate conditions. This study provides valuable insights into the distinct roles that soil microbial and plant communities play in driving EMF dynamics during grassland degradation and restoration. Our findings highlight the dominant role of soil bacteria in grassland restoration, suggesting that future management practices should prioritize promoting soil bacterial communities to enhance grassland recovery.