Phase customization in photonic integrated circuits with trimmed waveguides

Accurate photon phase control on a chip is essential to improve the expandability and stability of photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Here, we propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, on-chip static phase control method in which a modified line is added close to the normal waveguide with a lower-energy laser. By controlling the laser energy and the position and length of the modified line, the optical phase can be precisely controlled with low loss and a three-dimensional (3D) path. Customizable phase modulation ranging from 0 to 2π is performed with a precision of λ /70 in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The proposed method can customize high-precision control phases without changing the waveguide’s original spatial path, which is expected to control the phase and solve the phase error correction problem during processing of large-scale 3D-path PICs.