Peppermint and Its Functionality: A Review

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are the most common infections reported in pregnant women, however the causes of UTI in pregnant women is the change in physiological and anatomical patterns, leading to serious consequences to fetal development and maternal health. The percentages of development of UTI associated morbidity in females are about 40 to 50%, while 5% chances are present in males. However, these chances are deliberately increased in pregnancy. The species responsible for gestational UTIs are the same as that of nonpregnant UTIs out of which about 80 to 90% of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli (E.coli). For the estimation of the most prevalent UTI pathogen in pregnant female a random data has been utilized by the laboratory reports of gestational UTIs. The results have found E.coli as the most prevalent pathogen involved in gestational UTIs and other prevalent agents include Enterococcus species, Klebsiella species, Group B Streptococcus species, Group B Staphylococcus species and other less prevalent species include Citrobacter 8%, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas species. The resistance pattern of several antibiotics against E.coli are as follow: Norfloxicin 67%, Olfloxicn, Amox-clav, Ceftriaxone and Cefuroxime 43%, Ciprofloxacin 33%, Cefepime 29%, Piperacillin and Tazobactam, Amikacin, Nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin 14%, whereas Meropenem is found to be 0% resistant (100% sensitive). Resistance patterns of antibiotics against the second most prevalent organism (Enterococcus species) are: Amikacin 100%, Norfloxicin and Gentamycin; Ofloxicin and ciprofloxacin 83%; Meropenem, Cefepime and Fosfomycin 40%; Cefuroxime 33%, Ceftriaxone and Nitrofurantoin 17%, Amox-Clav and Vancomycin 0% (100% sensitivity). Whereas, the third most commonly found resistant organism follows the pattern: Nitrofurantoin 75% resistant, Amox-Clav 50%; Ofloxicin, Ciprofloxacin, Amikacin, Cefuroxime, Norfloxicin, Fosfomycin are resistant about 25%. Whereas, Cefepime, Meropenem, Ceftriaxone are 0% resistant. The results have clearly shown E.coli as the most prevalent microorganism in gestational UTIs.