Continence-Sparing Techniques in Radical Prostatectomy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

background: numerous continence-sparing radical prostatectomy techniques have been developed to enhance postoperative early continence (EC) recovery; however, evidence regarding the best approach remains controversial. the objectives are to provide a critical appraisal of various prostatectomy techniques, based on the evidence of quality-assessed randomized control trials (RCTs); to summarize the immediate continence and the EC reported; and to propose a new standardization for continence outcomes reporting. methods: data acquired from five medical registries were reported to preferred Reporting Items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) standards. evidence from published, english, full-text RCTs reporting postoperative urinary continence outcomes within 6 months from surgery was included. the heterogeneity of surgical techniques and continence definitions did not allow a meta-analysis. All RCTs were critically appraised, and quality assessed. results: In total, 39 RCTs were included: 19 of 39 studies were low-quality RCTs, presenting small cohort, monocentric, or single-surgeon data. the best RCT-supported evidence is in favor of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) compared with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) and of the retzius-sparing (RS) technique over the traditional prostatectomy. other techniques such as bladder neck and puboprostatic ligament (PPL) preservation, posterior reconstruction with or without combination of anterior suspension technique, and nerve-sparing (NS) approach seem to enhance EC. oppositely, the endopelvic fascia preservation, bladder neck mucosa eversion/plication/slings, and the selective ligature of dorsal venous complex (DVC) were not significantly associated with EC improvements. RCTs are lacking on pubovesical complex-sparing, seminal vesicle preservation, anterior reconstruction of the puboprostatic collar, musculofascial reconstruction, and DVC suspension to the periosteum of the pubic bone techniques. conclusions: RARP and RS have high-quality evidence supporting their ability to enhance postoperative EC recovery. NS, bladder neck, and PPL preservation may contribute to better EC recovery, although the evidence level is low. further multicenter RCTs are needed to establish the optimal combination of standard surgical techniques. a new continence outcome-reporting standardization was proposed.