Challenges in Climate Action Planning and Implementation in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Low-Carbon Urban Mobility Governance in Thailand

Low-carbon urban mobility (LCUM) is recognized globally as a pivotal strategy for mitigating climate change, and Thailand has integrated it prominently into its Climate Change Master Plan (CCMP) 2015–2050, particularly through Thailand’s goal to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. CCMP outlines three specific LCUM approaches and details corresponding measures under each approach, involving key ministries such as the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Interior, and the Ministry of Finance. However, there is a notable absence of guidance on inter-agency collaboration, resulting in nearly a decade of implementation marked by standalone, capital-intensive infrastructure projects, particularly urban rail expansions. Unfortunately, progress has been limited in supporting non-motorized and non-rail public transport options, or in reducing private car usage. These shortcomings stem partly from fragmented responsibilities and inadequate coordination among agencies. While local transport plans (LTPs) could potentially integrate these efforts, currently, no agency assumes responsibility for preparing LTPs. Therefore, this paper advocates for empowering local governments in Thailand to play a more significant role in local transportation planning and governance, aiming to enhance coordination and effectiveness in delivering LCUM climate actions.