Battery Electric Vehicle Safety Issues and Policy: A Review

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are seeing widespread adoption globally due to technological improvements, lower manufacturing costs, and supportive policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Governments have introduced incentives such as purchase subsidies and investments in charging infrastructure, while automakers continue to broaden their electric vehicle portfolios. Although BEVs show high overall safety performance comparable to internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), they also raise distinct safety challenges that merit policy attention. This review synthesizes the current literature on safety concerns associated with BEVs, with particular attention to fire risks, vehicle weight, low-speed noise levels, and unique driving characteristics. Fire safety remains a significant issue, as lithium-ion battery fires, although less frequent than those in ICEVs, tend to be more severe and difficult to manage. Strategies such as improved thermal management, fire enclosures, and standardized response protocols are essential. BEVs are typically heavier than ICEVs, affecting crash outcomes and braking performance. These risks are especially important for interactions with pedestrians and smaller vehicles. Quiet operation at low speeds can also reduce pedestrian awareness, prompting regulations for vehicle sound alerts. Together, these issues highlight the need for policies that address both emerging safety risks and the evolving nature of BEV technology.