Constructing a visible-light-excited Z-scheme heterojunction by engineering the directional N–C/Cu insertion layer: overcoming work function mismatches

To overcome work-function mismatch, we designed an interface engineering strategy to orient the built-in electric field in Φ RP > Φ OP systems. For example, a Z-scheme WO 3 /N–C/Cu/Cu 2 O heterojunction was built as the efficient photocatalyst.