The future of solar-driven interfacial steam generation for sustainable water desalination: Drivers, challenges, and opportunities-review

The global demand for freshwater increased keep interest in water desalination technology. In recent past, solar thermal desalination emerged as a promising technique to water desalination. This review provides an extensive analysis of various solar thermal desalination techniques, including steam generation systems, their mechanisms, structures, and the role of different nanomaterials in enhancing desalination efficiency. We critically analyzed recent studies, focusing on process performance, benefits, limitations, economic viability, and environmental impact. The advantages of solar thermal desalination, such as sustainability, renewability, fossil fuel independence, decentralized water production, and suitability for remote locations, are discussed. We also discussed the materials for desalination based on material's water-transport capability, salt resistance, photothermal conversion efficiency and. Additionally, we provided insights into design principles and thermal management to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure sustainable freshwater production. This review will provide a guideline facilitate the development of sustainable solar thermal desalination technologies by utilizing existing knowledge and identifying research gaps, promoting the integration of renewable energy and water production for a resilient, water-secure future.