Managing landscape patterns at the riparian zone and sub-basin scale is equally important for water quality protection

Widespread attention has been given to understanding the effect of the landscape pattern on river water quality. However, which spatial scale (riparian zone versus sub-basin) has the greater impact on water quality has long been controversial, since the key metrics that affect water quality varied with spatial scale. Thus, quantifying the spatial scale effects of key landscape metrics on water quality is critical to clarifying which scale of landscape pattern is more conducive to water quality conservation. Here, we adopted variation partitioning analysis (VPA) and random forest models to quantify the landscape pattern impact on water quality at northern Erhai Lake during the 2019 rainy season (early, mid, and late), and comprehensively analyze the key landscape metrics on different scales. The results revealed that the riparian zone and sub-basin scale landscape patterns explained similar water quality variations (difference only 0.9%) in the mid (August) and late rainy season (October), but exhibited a large difference (24.1%) during the early rainy season (June). Furthermore, rivers were primarily stressed by nitrogen pollution. Maintaining the Grassland_ED > 27.99 m/ha, Grassland_LPI > 4.19%, Farmland_LSI < 3.2 in the riparian zone, and Construction_ED < 1.69 m/ha, Construction_LSI < 2.46, Farmland_PLADJ < 89.0% at the sub-basin scale could significantly reduce the TN concentration in the stream. Meanwhile, managing of these metrics can effectively prevent rapid increases of TN in rivers. Moreover, due to the low phosphorus concentration in the rivers, none of the landscape metrics significantly explained the variation in TP. This study explored the spatial scale effect of landscape patterns on water quality and revealed the driving factors of nutrient variation. This study will provide a scientific basis for aquatic environmental management in plateau watersheds.