Host resistance to Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection is enhanced by inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathway in Andrographolide-treating chickens

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a pathogenic microorganism that causes chronic respiratory disease (CRD). MG infection has a serious negative impact on the poultry industry. Andrographolide (AG) is known to regulate immune responses, antimicrobial infections, and anti-inflammatory responses. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of AG action in MG-infected chickens remain unclear. Hence, we constructed models of MG infection by using chickens and chicken macrophage-like (HD11) cells in vivo and in vitro, respectively. The results showed that AG significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of the toxic adhesion protein pMGA1.2 in vivo and in vitro. Meanwhile, AG treatment significantly decreased the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin- 1β (IL-1β), and increased the mRNA expression of an anti-inflammatory such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, AG treatment down-regulated inflammasome NLRP3 and apoptosis genes caspase3 and caspase9, and up-regulated autophagy protein light chain 3 (LC3) by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in vitro. Our results suggest that AG can reduce the expression of NLRP3 and alleviate the inflammatory response from MG infection by inducing autophagy, probably by modulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This study demonstrates that AG can be used as a specific target to prevent and treat MG infection effectively.