Adaptive Functional Electrical Stimulation Delivers Stimulation Amplitudes Based on Real-Time Gait Biomechanics

Abstract Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is often used in poststroke gait rehabilitation to decrease foot drop and increase forward propulsion. However, not all stroke survivors experience clinically meaningful improvements in gait function following training with FES. The purpose of this work was to develop and validate a novel adaptive FES (AFES) system to improve dorsiflexor (DF) and plantarflexor (PF) stimulation timing and iteratively adjust the stimulation amplitude at each stride based on measured gait biomechanics. Stimulation timing was determined by a series of bilateral footswitches. Stimulation amplitude was calculated based on measured dorsiflexion angle and peak propulsive force, where increased foot drop and decreased paretic propulsion resulted in increased stimulation amplitudes. Ten individuals with chronic poststroke hemiparesis walked on an adaptive treadmill with adaptive FES for three 2-min trials. Stimulation was delivered at the correct time to the dorsiflexor muscles during 95% of strides while stimulation was delivered to the plantarflexor muscles at the correct time during 84% of strides. Stimulation amplitudes were correctly calculated and delivered for all except two strides out of nearly 3000. The adaptive FES system responds to real-time gait biomechanics as intended, and further individualization to subject-specific impairments and rehabilitation goals may lead to improved rehabilitation outcomes.